Editing Higher-Dimensional Physics (section)

=== Theoretical Frameworks ===

'''String Theory:'''  
One of the most significant developments in higher-dimensional physics is string theory, which posits that the fundamental particles of the universe are not point-like objects but rather one-dimensional "strings" that vibrate at different frequencies. String theory requires the existence of additional spatial dimensions—typically ten or eleven in total—to be mathematically consistent. These extra dimensions are thought to be compactified into complex shapes known as Calabi-Yau manifolds, which determine the properties of particles and forces in the lower-dimensional observable universe.

'''M-Theory:'''  
M-theory is an extension of string theory that suggests the existence of eleven dimensions—ten spatial dimensions and one time dimension. In this framework, strings are just one type of object, and higher-dimensional objects called branes also exist. These branes can have various dimensions themselves (e.g., 1-branes, 2-branes, etc.), and their interactions are crucial to the dynamics of the universe.

'''Quantum Gravity and Higher Dimensions:'''  
The pursuit of a quantum theory of gravity often leads to the consideration of higher dimensions. In some approaches, such as loop quantum gravity or holographic principles, higher dimensions are used to reconcile the seemingly incompatible frameworks of general relativity and quantum mechanics. These theories explore how spacetime itself may emerge from more fundamental processes occurring in higher-dimensional spaces.