EMP Pulse Blaster: Difference between revisions
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|- | |- | ||
! Parameter !! Value/Equation | ! Parameter !! Value/Equation !! Description | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Range (r) || 13 meters | | Range (r) || 13 meters || The effective distance over which the EMP pulse can disrupt electronic devices. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Energy Density || <math>5 \times 10^5</math> to <math>10^6</math> joules/m<math>^3</math> | | Energy Density || <math>5 \times 10^5</math> to <math>10^6</math> joules/m<math>^3</math> || The amount of energy stored per unit volume. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Total Energy Output || <math>4.601 \times 10^9</math> joules | | Total Energy Output || <math>4.601 \times 10^9</math> joules || The total energy released in a single pulse. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Voltage Output (High-Voltage Generator Modules) || 3000V, 4000V, 400kV, 1MV | | Voltage Output (High-Voltage Generator Modules) || 3000V, 4000V, 400kV, 1MV || The voltage levels produced by the high-voltage generators. | ||
|} | |} | ||
* '''Pulse Duration''': The time over which the pulse is emitted. | |||
'''Typical Duration''': 1 nanosecond to 1 microsecond | |||
'''Factors Affecting Duration''': Capacitor discharge time, inductance of coils, and circuit design. | |||
* '''Frequency Range''': The frequency spectrum of the EMP pulse. | |||
'''Typical Range''': 1 kHz to 300 GHz | |||
'''Factors Affecting Frequency''': Coil design, oscillator settings, and modulation unit. | |||
* '''Peak Magnetic Field Strength''': The maximum strength of the magnetic field during the pulse. | |||
'''Typical Strength''': 0.1 to 10 teslas | |||
'''Factors Affecting Strength''': Number of coil turns, current, and core material. | |||
* '''Capacitor Specifications''': Parameters related to the capacitors used in the pulse blaster. | |||
'''Capacitance''': 1 μF to 1000 μF | |||
'''Voltage Rating''': 3 kV to 50 kV | |||
'''Energy Storage''': Calculated using <math>E = \frac{1}{2} CV^2</math> | |||
* '''Inductor Specifications''': Parameters related to the inductors used. | |||
'''Inductance''': 1 μH to 100 mH | |||
'''Current Rating''': 10 A to 1000 A | |||
'''Core Material''': Air, iron, or ferrite | |||
* '''Battery Specifications''': Parameters related to the batteries used. | |||
'''Capacity''': 1 Ah to 100 Ah | |||
'''Voltage''': 12V to 400V | |||
'''Energy Density''': 100 Wh/kg to 300 Wh/kg | |||
* '''Safety Parameters''': Parameters related to safety and regulatory compliance. | |||
'''Overcurrent Protection''': Rated to interrupt currents 10% above the maximum expected current. | |||
'''Voltage Regulation''': Ensures output voltage remains within ±5% of the desired value. | |||
'''Insulation Resistance''': Greater than 10 MΩ | |||
* '''Thermal Management''': Parameters related to the cooling and thermal regulation. | |||
'''Maximum Operating Temperature''': 85°C | |||
'''Cooling Method''': Passive (heat sinks) or active (cooling fans) | |||
'''Thermal Conductivity of Materials''': 200 W/m·K (for copper) | |||
* '''Physical Dimensions''': Size and weight of the EMP pulse blaster. | |||
'''Dimensions''': 30 cm x 20 cm x 10 cm (L x W x H) | |||
'''Weight''': 5 kg to 15 kg | |||
'''Housing Material''': Aluminum or reinforced plastic | |||
* '''Environmental Conditions''': Parameters related to the operational environment. | |||
'''Operating Temperature Range''': -20°C to 60°C | |||
'''Humidity''': 0% to 90% non-condensing | |||
'''Shock and Vibration''': Compliant with MIL-STD-810G | |||
* '''Efficiency''': The efficiency of energy conversion and delivery. | |||
'''Overall Efficiency''': 70% to 90% | |||
'''Losses''': Due to resistance, dielectric heating, and electromagnetic radiation | |||
== Equations == | == Equations == | ||
* '''Energy Density''': The energy density of the electromagnetic field. | * '''Energy Density''': The energy density of the electromagnetic field. | ||
'''<math>E = \frac{{B^2}}{{2 \mu_0}}</math>''' | |||
*** Where: | *** Where: | ||
**** | **** '''E''' is the energy density in joules per cubic meter (J/m<math>^3</math>) | ||
**** | **** '''B''' is the magnetic flux density in teslas (T) | ||
**** | **** '''\mu_0''' is the permeability of free space (<math>4\pi \times 10^{-7}</math> H/m) | ||
* ''Volume of a Sphere'': Used to calculate the volume of the area affected by the EMP. | * '''Volume of a Sphere''': Used to calculate the volume of the area affected by the EMP. | ||
'''<math>V = \frac{4}{3} \pi r^3</math>''' | |||
*** Where: | *** Where: | ||
**** | **** '''V''' is the volume in cubic meters (m<math>^3</math>) | ||
**** | **** '''r''' is the radius of the sphere in meters (m) | ||
* ''Power Output (General)'': The power output during the EMP pulse. | * '''Power Output (General)''': The power output during the EMP pulse. | ||
'''<math>\text{Power Output} = \frac{\text{Total Energy Output}}{\text{Pulse Duration}}</math>''' | |||
*** Where: | *** Where: | ||
**** Power Output is in watts (W) | **** Power Output is in watts (W) | ||
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**** Pulse Duration is in seconds (s) | **** Pulse Duration is in seconds (s) | ||
* ''Capacitor Energy Storage'': The energy stored in a capacitor. | * '''Capacitor Energy Storage''': The energy stored in a capacitor. | ||
'''<math>E = \frac{1}{2} CV^2</math>''' | |||
*** Where: | *** Where: | ||
**** | **** '''E''' is the energy stored in joules (J) | ||
**** | **** '''C''' is the capacitance in farads (F) | ||
**** | **** '''V''' is the voltage in volts (V) | ||
* ''Inductance of a Coil'': The inductance of a coil used in the EMP generator. | * '''Inductance of a Coil''': The inductance of a coil used in the EMP generator. | ||
'''<math>L = \frac{N^2 \mu_0 \mu_r A}{l}</math>''' | |||
*** Where: | *** Where: | ||
**** | **** '''L''' is the inductance in henries (H) | ||
**** | **** '''N''' is the number of turns | ||
**** | **** '''\mu_0''' is the permeability of free space (<math>4\pi \times 10^{-7}</math> H/m) | ||
**** | **** '''\mu_r''' is the relative permeability of the core material | ||
**** | **** '''A''' is the cross-sectional area of the coil in square meters (m<math>^2</math>) | ||
**** | **** '''l''' is the length of the coil in meters (m) | ||
* ''Magnetic Flux'': The magnetic flux through a coil. | * '''Magnetic Flux''': The magnetic flux through a coil. | ||
'''<math>\Phi = B A \cos(\theta)</math>''' | |||
*** Where: | *** Where: | ||
**** | **** '''\Phi''' is the magnetic flux in webers (Wb) | ||
**** | **** '''B''' is the magnetic flux density in teslas (T) | ||
**** | **** '''A''' is the area in square meters (m<math>^2</math>) | ||
**** | **** '''\theta''' is the angle between the magnetic field and the normal to the surface | ||
* ''Faraday’s Law of Induction'': The induced voltage in a coil. | * '''Faraday’s Law of Induction''': The induced voltage in a coil. | ||
'''<math>V = -N \frac{d\Phi}{dt}</math>''' | |||
*** Where: | *** Where: | ||
**** | **** '''V''' is the induced voltage in volts (V) | ||
**** | **** '''N''' is the number of turns | ||
**** | **** '''\frac{d\Phi}{dt}''' is the rate of change of magnetic flux in webers per second (Wb/s) | ||
* ''Resonant Frequency of LC Circuit'': The frequency at which the LC circuit resonates. | * '''Resonant Frequency of LC Circuit''': The frequency at which the LC circuit resonates. | ||
'''<math>f_0 = \frac{1}{2\pi\sqrt{LC}}</math>''' | |||
*** Where: | *** Where: | ||
**** | **** '''f_0''' is the resonant frequency in hertz (Hz) | ||
**** | **** '''L''' is the inductance in henries (H) | ||
**** | **** '''C''' is the capacitance in farads (F) | ||
* ''Magnetic Field of a Solenoid'': The magnetic field inside a solenoid. | * '''Magnetic Field of a Solenoid''': The magnetic field inside a solenoid. | ||
'''<math>B = \mu_0 \frac{N}{l} I</math>''' | |||
*** Where: | *** Where: | ||
**** | **** '''B''' is the magnetic field in teslas (T) | ||
**** | **** '''\mu_0''' is the permeability of free space (<math>4\pi \times 10^{-7}</math> H/m) | ||
**** | **** '''N''' is the number of turns | ||
**** | **** '''l''' is the length of the solenoid in meters (m) | ||
**** | **** '''I''' is the current in amperes (A) | ||
* ''Heat Dissipation in Resistors'': The power dissipated as heat in a resistor. | * '''Heat Dissipation in Resistors''': The power dissipated as heat in a resistor. | ||
'''<math>P = I^2 R</math>''' | |||
*** Where: | *** Where: | ||
**** | **** '''P''' is the power in watts (W) | ||
**** | **** '''I''' is the current in amperes (A) | ||
**** | **** '''R''' is the resistance in ohms (Ω) | ||
* ''Ohm’s Law'': The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. | * '''Ohm’s Law''': The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. | ||
'''<math>V = IR</math>''' | |||
*** Where: | *** Where: | ||
**** | **** '''V''' is the voltage in volts (V) | ||
**** | **** '''I''' is the current in amperes (A) | ||
**** | **** '''R''' is the resistance in ohms (Ω) | ||
* ''Electromagnetic Wave Equation'': Describes the propagation of electromagnetic waves. | * '''Electromagnetic Wave Equation''': Describes the propagation of electromagnetic waves. | ||
'''<math>\nabla^2 \mathbf{E} - \mu_0 \epsilon_0 \frac{\partial^2 \mathbf{E}}{\partial t^2} = 0</math>''' | |||
*** Where: | *** Where: | ||
**** | **** '''\mathbf{E}''' is the electric field in volts per meter (V/m) | ||
**** | **** '''\mu_0''' is the permeability of free space (<math>4\pi \times 10^{-7}</math> H/m) | ||
**** | **** '''\epsilon_0''' is the permittivity of free space (<math>8.854 \times 10^{-12}</math> F/m) | ||
**** | **** '''t''' is the time in seconds (s) | ||
== Components == | == Components == | ||
* ''Energy Storage and Management'' | * '''Energy Storage and Management''' | ||
** Super Capacitors | ** '''Super Capacitors''' | ||
*** Capacitor Cells | *** Capacitor Cells | ||
*** Connecting Wires | *** Connecting Wires | ||
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***** Rapid release of stored energy | ***** Rapid release of stored energy | ||
* ''High-Voltage Generation'' | * '''High-Voltage Generation''' | ||
** High-Voltage Generators | ** '''High-Voltage Generators''' | ||
*** Transformer | *** Transformer | ||
*** Rectifier Circuit | *** Rectifier Circuit | ||
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***** Switching Transistors | ***** Switching Transistors | ||
* ''Electromagnetic Field Creation'' | * '''Electromagnetic Field Creation''' | ||
** Coils | ** '''Coils''' | ||
*** Wire | *** Wire | ||
*** Core Material | *** Core Material | ||
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**** Insulation Material | **** Insulation Material | ||
**** Mounting Brackets | **** Mounting Brackets | ||
** Magnet Arrays | ** '''Magnet Arrays''' | ||
*** Magnets | *** Magnets | ||
*** Magnet Holders | *** Magnet Holders | ||
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**** Shielding Material | **** Shielding Material | ||
* ''Pulse Control and Modulation'' | * '''Pulse Control and Modulation''' | ||
** Pulse Control Circuitry | ** '''Pulse Control Circuitry''' | ||
*** Timing Circuit | *** Timing Circuit | ||
*** Modulation Unit | *** Modulation Unit | ||
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**** Resistors | **** Resistors | ||
* ''Power Supply'' | * '''Power Supply''' | ||
** Batteries | ** '''Batteries''' | ||
*** Battery Cells | *** Battery Cells | ||
*** Battery Management System (BMS) | *** Battery Management System (BMS) | ||
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**** Fuses | **** Fuses | ||
* ''Safety and Regulatory Compliance'' | * '''Safety and Regulatory Compliance''' | ||
** Safety Features | ** '''Safety Features''' | ||
*** Overcurrent Protection | *** Overcurrent Protection | ||
*** Voltage Regulation | *** Voltage Regulation | ||
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**** Safety Relays | **** Safety Relays | ||
* ''Wire Gauge and Thermal Management'' | * '''Wire Gauge and Thermal Management''' | ||
** Wire | ** '''Wire''' | ||
** Heat Sinks | ** '''Heat Sinks''' | ||
** SubModules | ** SubModules | ||
**** Cooling Fans | **** Cooling Fans | ||
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**** Thermal Cutoffs | **** Thermal Cutoffs | ||
* ''Integration and Compatibility'' | * '''Integration and Compatibility''' | ||
** Connectors | ** '''Connectors''' | ||
** Mounting Hardware | ** '''Mounting Hardware''' | ||
** SubModules | ** SubModules | ||
**** Interface Boards | **** Interface Boards | ||
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== Safety and Regulatory == | == Safety and Regulatory == | ||
* ''Safety Features'' | * '''Safety Features''' | ||
** Overcurrent Protection | ** Overcurrent Protection | ||
** Voltage Regulation | ** Voltage Regulation |
Revision as of 15:29, 15 May 2024
Electro Magnetic Pulse - Pulse Blaster
Parameters
Parameter | Value/Equation | Description |
---|---|---|
Range (r) | 13 meters | The effective distance over which the EMP pulse can disrupt electronic devices. |
Energy Density | to joules/m | The amount of energy stored per unit volume. |
Total Energy Output | joules | The total energy released in a single pulse. |
Voltage Output (High-Voltage Generator Modules) | 3000V, 4000V, 400kV, 1MV | The voltage levels produced by the high-voltage generators. |
- Pulse Duration: The time over which the pulse is emitted.
Typical Duration: 1 nanosecond to 1 microsecond Factors Affecting Duration: Capacitor discharge time, inductance of coils, and circuit design.
- Frequency Range: The frequency spectrum of the EMP pulse.
Typical Range: 1 kHz to 300 GHz Factors Affecting Frequency: Coil design, oscillator settings, and modulation unit.
- Peak Magnetic Field Strength: The maximum strength of the magnetic field during the pulse.
Typical Strength: 0.1 to 10 teslas Factors Affecting Strength: Number of coil turns, current, and core material.
- Capacitor Specifications: Parameters related to the capacitors used in the pulse blaster.
Capacitance: 1 μF to 1000 μF Voltage Rating: 3 kV to 50 kV Energy Storage: Calculated using
- Inductor Specifications: Parameters related to the inductors used.
Inductance: 1 μH to 100 mH Current Rating: 10 A to 1000 A Core Material: Air, iron, or ferrite
- Battery Specifications: Parameters related to the batteries used.
Capacity: 1 Ah to 100 Ah Voltage: 12V to 400V Energy Density: 100 Wh/kg to 300 Wh/kg
- Safety Parameters: Parameters related to safety and regulatory compliance.
Overcurrent Protection: Rated to interrupt currents 10% above the maximum expected current. Voltage Regulation: Ensures output voltage remains within ±5% of the desired value. Insulation Resistance: Greater than 10 MΩ
- Thermal Management: Parameters related to the cooling and thermal regulation.
Maximum Operating Temperature: 85°C Cooling Method: Passive (heat sinks) or active (cooling fans) Thermal Conductivity of Materials: 200 W/m·K (for copper)
- Physical Dimensions: Size and weight of the EMP pulse blaster.
Dimensions: 30 cm x 20 cm x 10 cm (L x W x H) Weight: 5 kg to 15 kg Housing Material: Aluminum or reinforced plastic
- Environmental Conditions: Parameters related to the operational environment.
Operating Temperature Range: -20°C to 60°C Humidity: 0% to 90% non-condensing Shock and Vibration: Compliant with MIL-STD-810G
- Efficiency: The efficiency of energy conversion and delivery.
Overall Efficiency: 70% to 90% Losses: Due to resistance, dielectric heating, and electromagnetic radiation
Equations
- Energy Density: The energy density of the electromagnetic field.
- Where:
- E is the energy density in joules per cubic meter (J/m)
- B is the magnetic flux density in teslas (T)
- \mu_0 is the permeability of free space ( H/m)
- Where:
- Volume of a Sphere: Used to calculate the volume of the area affected by the EMP.
- Where:
- V is the volume in cubic meters (m)
- r is the radius of the sphere in meters (m)
- Where:
- Power Output (General): The power output during the EMP pulse.
- Where:
- Power Output is in watts (W)
- Total Energy Output is in joules (J)
- Pulse Duration is in seconds (s)
- Where:
- Capacitor Energy Storage: The energy stored in a capacitor.
- Where:
- E is the energy stored in joules (J)
- C is the capacitance in farads (F)
- V is the voltage in volts (V)
- Where:
- Inductance of a Coil: The inductance of a coil used in the EMP generator.
- Where:
- L is the inductance in henries (H)
- N is the number of turns
- \mu_0 is the permeability of free space ( H/m)
- \mu_r is the relative permeability of the core material
- A is the cross-sectional area of the coil in square meters (m)
- l is the length of the coil in meters (m)
- Where:
- Magnetic Flux: The magnetic flux through a coil.
- Where:
- \Phi is the magnetic flux in webers (Wb)
- B is the magnetic flux density in teslas (T)
- A is the area in square meters (m)
- \theta is the angle between the magnetic field and the normal to the surface
- Where:
- Faraday’s Law of Induction: The induced voltage in a coil.
- Where:
- V is the induced voltage in volts (V)
- N is the number of turns
- \frac{d\Phi}{dt} is the rate of change of magnetic flux in webers per second (Wb/s)
- Where:
- Resonant Frequency of LC Circuit: The frequency at which the LC circuit resonates.
- Where:
- f_0 is the resonant frequency in hertz (Hz)
- L is the inductance in henries (H)
- C is the capacitance in farads (F)
- Where:
- Magnetic Field of a Solenoid: The magnetic field inside a solenoid.
- Where:
- B is the magnetic field in teslas (T)
- \mu_0 is the permeability of free space ( H/m)
- N is the number of turns
- l is the length of the solenoid in meters (m)
- I is the current in amperes (A)
- Where:
- Heat Dissipation in Resistors: The power dissipated as heat in a resistor.
- Where:
- P is the power in watts (W)
- I is the current in amperes (A)
- R is the resistance in ohms (Ω)
- Where:
- Ohm’s Law: The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.
- Where:
- V is the voltage in volts (V)
- I is the current in amperes (A)
- R is the resistance in ohms (Ω)
- Where:
- Electromagnetic Wave Equation: Describes the propagation of electromagnetic waves.
- Where:
- \mathbf{E} is the electric field in volts per meter (V/m)
- \mu_0 is the permeability of free space ( H/m)
- \epsilon_0 is the permittivity of free space ( F/m)
- t is the time in seconds (s)
- Where:
Components
- Energy Storage and Management
- Super Capacitors
- Capacitor Cells
- Connecting Wires
- SubModules
- Capacitor Bank
- Multiple super capacitors connected in series or parallel
- Charging Circuit
- Ensures capacitors are charged safely and efficiently
- Discharge Mechanism
- Rapid release of stored energy
- Capacitor Bank
- Super Capacitors
- High-Voltage Generation
- High-Voltage Generators
- Transformer
- Rectifier Circuit
- Switching Mechanism
- SubModules
- Control Unit
- Microcontroller or PLC for managing switching
- Voltage Multiplier
- Series of capacitors and diodes to increase voltage
- SubComponents
- Inductor Coils
- Diodes
- Switching Transistors
- Control Unit
- High-Voltage Generators
- Electromagnetic Field Creation
- Coils
- Wire
- Core Material
- SubModules
- Primary Coil
- Secondary Coil
- SubComponents
- Insulation Material
- Mounting Brackets
- Magnet Arrays
- Magnets
- Magnet Holders
- SubModules
- Focusing Array
- Blocking Array
- SubComponents
- Shielding Material
- Coils
- Pulse Control and Modulation
- Pulse Control Circuitry
- Timing Circuit
- Modulation Unit
- SubModules
- Oscillator
- Amplifier
- SubComponents
- Capacitors
- Resistors
- Pulse Control Circuitry
- Power Supply
- Batteries
- Battery Cells
- Battery Management System (BMS)
- SubModules
- Charging Circuit
- Protection Circuit
- SubComponents
- Thermal Sensors
- Fuses
- Batteries
- Safety and Regulatory Compliance
- Safety Features
- Overcurrent Protection
- Voltage Regulation
- SubModules
- Circuit Breakers
- Surge Protectors
- SubComponents
- Insulation Materials
- Safety Relays
- Safety Features
- Wire Gauge and Thermal Management
- Wire
- Heat Sinks
- SubModules
- Cooling Fans
- Thermal Paste
- SubComponents
- Temperature Sensors
- Thermal Cutoffs
- Integration and Compatibility
- Connectors
- Mounting Hardware
- SubModules
- Interface Boards
- Compatibility Testing Units
- SubComponents
- Screws and Fasteners
- Alignment Tools
Safety and Regulatory
- Safety Features
- Overcurrent Protection
- Voltage Regulation
- Insulation Monitoring
Additional Considerations
- Wire Gauge: Determine based on current and temperature rise.
- Amps and Volts: Dependent on design and requirements.
- Efficiency and Losses: Consider efficiency of components and system.
- Integration and Compatibility: Ensure compatibility and effective integration of components.
- Environmental Factors: Consider atmospheric conditions and electromagnetic interference.
Assembly and Testing
- Assemble Super Capacitor Bank and High-Voltage Generators
- Integrate Coils and Magnet Arrays with High-Voltage Output
- Install Pulse Control Circuitry and Battery System
- Implement Safety Features and Thermal Management
- Perform Integration Testing to Ensure Compatibility and Performance
- Conduct Safety Testing to Ensure Compliance with Regulatory Standards