Plasmoid Generator

Plasmoid Generator
Plasmoid Generator
Overview
Type	Plasma generation and confinement device
Related Tech	Thunderstorm Generator · Pre-Ionization Chamber · Water Engine · Plasmoid Tech
Key Researchers	Winston Bostick · Paul Koloc · Ken Shoulders · Malcolm Bendall · Eric Lerner
Physics
Output	Coherent toroidal plasmoids (self-confined plasma structures)
Formation Methods	Helical discharge · plasma gun injection · hydrodynamic shear · cavitation
Confinement	Self-organizing magnetic fields (no external magnets required for PMK configuration)
Energy Density	1.3 kJ (7 cm mantle) to 6,000 kJ (1 m mantle) — scales with size
Applications
In-Universe	Thunderstorm Generator · Hydro Speeder · MHD Core
Real-World	Emissions reduction · LENR · fusion research · industrial plasma processing

The Plasmoid Generator is a device responsible for creating and controlling plasmoids — coherent, self-contained structures of plasma and magnetic fields that can exist independently of external confinement. Plasmoid Generators range from simple cavitation-based systems (as used in the Thunderstorm Generator) to sophisticated plasma-gun and dense-plasma-focus devices used in fusion research.

What is a Plasmoid?

A plasmoid is a compact, self-organized plasma structure characterized by:

Toroidal or cigar-shaped geometry — the plasma forms closed magnetic flux surfaces
Self-generated magnetic confinement — internal currents produce poloidal and toroidal magnetic fields that confine the structure without external magnets
High energy density — plasmoids store significant energy in their magnetic fields and particle kinetic energy
Relative longevity — compared to ordinary plasma structures, plasmoids persist for extended periods (milliseconds to seconds in laboratory settings, potentially much longer in astrophysical contexts)

The term was coined by physicist Winston Bostick in his landmark 1958 paper "Experimental Study of Plasmoids" at the UC Berkeley Radiation Laboratory.

Formation Methods

1. Helical Discharge Method (Koloc PMK)

Paul Koloc's Plasma-Mantle-Kernel (PMK) configuration (US Patent 4,023,065, 1977) represents one of the most comprehensive approaches to plasmoid generation:

Process

A helical ionized path is created in a deuterium (or other fusionable) atmosphere using focused high-intensity light, X-rays, electron beams, or laser energy
A high-voltage discharge is triggered along the ionized path, creating a helical current
The helical current collapses on itself due to magnetic coupling between adjacent loops, forming a toroidal current — the kernel of the PMK
The intense radiation from the kernel ionizes the surrounding gas, forming an ellipsoidal mantle of charged particles
The kernel's poloidal magnetic field supports the mantle (preventing inward collapse), while external gas pressure prevents outward expansion — achieving equilibrium

Key Parameters (from US 4,023,065)

PMK Configuration Parameters
Mantle Diameter (cm)	Energy (kJ)	Current (MA)	Kernel Torus Diameter (cm)	Starting Pressure (atm)
7	1.3	0.26	4	0.5–5.0
27	90	0.5	6.5	0.5–5.0
60	1,000	2.4	9	0.5–5.0
100	6,000	4	13	0.5–5.0

Self-Confinement Physics

The PMK achieves stability through a remarkable property: it does not depend on any external magnetic or electric field for its existence. The configuration is analogous to a charged battery — it stores energy in its internal magnetic fields.

The kernel plasma exists in a near-vacuum region surrounded by the mantle. The dipole field falls off as:

B(r)\propto {\frac {1}{r^{3-\varepsilon }}},\quad \varepsilon \leq 1

where $\varepsilon$ depends on the ratio of mantle radius $b$ to major ring radius $R$ . This steep falloff means that moderate external fluid pressure on the mantle translates to enormous internal magnetic pressure — a "lever-and-fulcrum" compression effect:

{\frac {P_{\text{kernel}}}{P_{\text{external}}}}\propto \left({\frac {b}{R}}\right)^{6-2\varepsilon }

For a PMK with $b/R\approx 5$ , external fluid pressure of 1,000 atmospheres could produce kernel pressures sufficient for nuclear fusion temperatures.

Dynamic Stabilization

The PMK is stabilized by the fact that its poloidal and toroidal current components decay at different rates (different conductivities and magnetic energies), providing natural dynamic stabilization — related to the Kruskal-Shafranov limit:

q(r)={\frac {rB_{\phi }}{RB_{\theta }}}>1

for MHD stability, where $q$ is the safety factor, $B_{\phi }$ is the toroidal field, and $B_{\theta }$ is the poloidal field.

2. Plasma Gun Injection

An alternative method (also described in US 4,023,065) uses a Marshall-type plasma gun to generate and project toroidal plasmoids:

The plasma gun fires a toroidal plasmoid into an evacuated pressure vessel
The plasmoid passes through the air core of a high-energy inductor coil
At the precise instant of passage, the coil circuit is broken — the collapsing magnetic field transfers enormous energy to the plasmoid
Gas pressure sources (explosive diaphragms) create a symmetric shock wave that forms the ionized mantle around the now-energized kernel

3. Hydrodynamic Shear (Gharib et al., 2017)

The most recent laboratory demonstration of plasmoid formation comes from Gharib, Mendoza, Rosenfeld, Beizai, and Pereira (2017, National Academy of Sciences):

Extreme hydrodynamic shear in a fluid medium produces toroidal vortex structures
Under sufficient shear, the vortex transitions from a fluid vortex ring to a self-organized toroidal plasmoid
This mechanism is directly relevant to the Thunderstorm Generator's bubbler stage, where cavitation creates extreme local shear conditions in water

4. Cavitation in Water (Bendall/MSAART)

The simplest practical Plasmoid Generator, as used in the Thunderstorm Generator:

A mix of Air (from an Air Intake) and a Hydrogen source (such as HHO from a Water Separator / Electrolyzer) is ionized in a Pre-Ionization Chamber.

This ionized Protium Enriched Naturally Aspirated Air passes through a Multi-Stage Percolator filled with tap water. The cavitation of bubble formation and collapse within the percolator chambers generates plasmoids due to:

Extreme transient temperatures (5,000–15,000 K) and pressures (1,000–10,000 atm) during bubble collapse
Sonoluminescence — light emission from collapsing bubbles indicating plasma formation
Electromagnetic character of the ionized gas providing seed charge structure
Hydrodynamic shear at the bubble interface providing toroidal flow patterns

5. Dense Plasma Focus (DPF)

The Dense Plasma Focus device, pioneered by Filippov and Mather in the 1960s and advanced by Eric Lerner (Focus Fusion), represents the high-energy end of plasmoid generation:

A high-voltage capacitor bank discharges across coaxial electrodes
The discharge creates a plasma sheath that accelerates and converges at the tip of the inner electrode
The converging plasma forms a dense plasmoid (also called a "pinch") with extreme conditions:

T_{\text{ion}}\approx 10^{9}{\text{ K}}\quad (>100{\text{ keV}})

n_{e}\approx 10^{25}{-}10^{26}{\text{ m}}^{-3}

These conditions are sufficient for nuclear fusion — DPF devices routinely produce neutrons and X-rays
LPPFusion (Lerner's company) has achieved ion temperatures of 2.8 billion degrees using a compact DPF device

6. Exotic Vacuum Objects — Ken Shoulders

Ken Shoulders' work (1987–2009) describes Exotic Vacuum Objects (EVOs) — also called "charge clusters" — which are microscopic self-organized electron structures:

Collections of ~10¹¹ electrons that self-organize into stable toroidal structures
Diameter: ~1 μm
Travel velocity: ~0.1c (10% speed of light)
Exhibit anomalous energy output — more kinetic energy than input electrical energy
Shoulders theorized EVOs interact with the quantum vacuum, extracting zero-point energy

EVOs are considered by Bendall and others to be a microscopic manifestation of plasmoid physics — the same self-organization principles that produce macroscopic plasmoids in PMK devices and DPF machines operate at the nanoscale in EVO formation.

Plasmoid Physics

Equilibrium

A stable plasmoid satisfies the MHD force balance:

\mathbf {J} \times \mathbf {B} =\nabla p

where $\mathbf {J}$ is the current density, $\mathbf {B}$ is the magnetic field, and $p$ is the plasma pressure. For a toroidal plasmoid, this becomes the Grad-Shafranov equation:

R{\frac {\partial }{\partial R}}\left({\frac {1}{R}}{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial R}}\right)+{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial z^{2}}}=-\mu _{0}R^{2}{\frac {dp}{d\psi }}-F{\frac {dF}{d\psi }}

Energy Storage

The magnetic energy stored in a plasmoid:

W_{B}={\frac {1}{2\mu _{0}}}\int B^{2}\,dV

For a toroidal PMK with major radius $R$ and minor radius $a$ :

W_{B}\approx {\frac {\mu _{0}I^{2}R}{2}}\left(\ln {\frac {8R}{a}}-2+{\frac {l_{i}}{2}}\right)

where $I$ is the toroidal current and $l_{i}$ is the internal inductance parameter.

Lifetime

The lifetime of a plasmoid is primarily limited by:

Resistive diffusion: $\tau _{R}={\frac {\mu _{0}a^{2}}{\eta }}$ where $\eta$ is the plasma resistivity
Radiation losses: primarily Bremsstrahlung at high temperatures
Particle diffusion: through the confining magnetic field

For a high-temperature PMK in a supporting gas atmosphere, lifetimes on the order of 0.1–1.0 seconds are expected for centimeter-scale devices. Increasing size, temperature, and external pressure support extends lifetime.

Applications

Plasmoid Generator Applications
Application	Method	Scale
Thunderstorm Generator	Cavitation + vortex in water	Portable (kit-set for <12 kW generators)
Emissions reduction	MSAART plasmoid dissociation of exhaust gases	Industrial / vehicular
Fusion energy	DPF, PMK compression	Laboratory → power plant
LENR / transmutation	EVO / condensed plasmoid interactions	Bench-top research
Intense light source	PMK photon emission	Laser pumping, material processing
Electromagnetic energy storage	PMK as magnetic "battery"	Pulse power systems

External References

Bostick, Winston H. "Experimental Study of Plasmoids." UC Berkeley Radiation Laboratory (1958).
Koloc, Paul M. "Method and apparatus for generating and utilizing a compound plasma configuration." US Patent 4,023,065 (1977).
Shoulders, Ken. "EV — A Tale of Discovery." Jupiter Technologies (1987).
Shoulders, Ken. "Charge Clusters in Action." (1999).
Lerner, Eric J. et al. "Fusion reactions from >150 keV ions in a dense plasma focus plasmoid." Phys. Plasmas 19, 032704 (2012).
Gharib, M., Mendoza, J., Rosenfeld, M., Beizai, K., Pereira, F. "Toroidal plasmoid generation via extreme hydrodynamic shear." PNAS (2017).
Jaitner, Lutz. "The Physics of Condensed Plasmoids and Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions." (2020).
Bendall, Malcolm. "Draft #518,400 B KMV." Strike Foundation (2022). https://www.strikefoundation.earth/open-source-research